Cruft/Karmaoui – abbreviated version, 9^th March 9, 2023

Cruft, S¹ & Karmaoui, A²

• Sebastian Cruft, M.A. Oxon., England
• Professor Ahmed Karmaoui, Moulay Ismail University, Meknès, Morocco

A short discussion of some solutions to global warming.

The current chapter attempts to reassess the origin of Global Warming, and proposes an effective human-scale solution.

With regard to the origin of Global Warming, doubt is cast on the view that increased heat in the atmosphere is chiefly caused by increased carbon. From the point of view of chemistry and physics, CO2 is not a cause of heat, but a result of what creates heat (combustion). Moreover, the low-carbon strategies suggested to control the increase of heat seem slow, difficult to measure and control, and so far, ineffective. In industry, it is axiomatic that good technologies have measurable results, and always work in the same way if conditions are as foreseen.

1. Solutions to the Problem of Global Warming

Many aspects of the view that increased heat in the atmosphere is caused by increased carbon seem self-contradictory. In chemistry and physics, CO₂ is not a cause of heat, but a result of combustion, and thus a result of the process of the creation of heat. Additionally, we don’t say: this carbon is intolerable – open the window. We say: this heat is intolerable – do whatever you can to cool down. We suggest that Global Warming is a result of:

• The heat from combustion (as created day-and-night in internal combustion engines, electricity generating plants, burning wood, coal and oil): plus
• This heat being amplified by the greenhouse gases which it creates. What the relationship between the two factors is, will be an important subject for future study.

Moreover, the low-carbon strategies suggested to control the increase of heat seem slow, difficult to measure and control, and so far, ineffective. In industry, it is axiomatic that good technologies have measurable results, and always work in the same way if conditions are as foreseen.

Suspecting that there might be factors as yet unpublicised, we decided to investigate other possible reasons behind Anthropogenic Global Warming.

We started by looking at the ‘Global Average Temperature Change’ Graph 1850 – 2025’ published by NASA GISS and 4 other international scientific organisations (Figure 4):

 

Figure 4 Global average temperature change from five different scientific organizations NASA GISS, HadCRUT.5.0.1.0, NCDC NOAA, Japan Meteorological Office, and Berkeley Earth

Source: Wikipedia

From this, it is clear that temperatures are rising fast (Figure 4). However, it is also clear that the opinion that Global Warming is the result of industrialisation, and the often-quoted aim of returning the Earth’s temperature to ‘preindustrial levels’ are both too generalised to describe a graph which contains significant downward movements as well as upward spikes.

So, we analysed the temperature movements further (all temperatures are marked in Centigrade, as per the NASA-GISS graph (Figure 5). Firstly we placed a thick brown line at the approximate lowest point of the main temperature changes. This helped to show the correlation between temperature increases and decreases, and the timeline.

Figure 5 Global average temperature change from five different scientific organizations NASA GISS, HadCRUT.5.0.1.0, NCDC NOAA, Japan Meteorological Office, and Berkeley Earth as adapted in May 2022

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org

At first we were surprised to see any downward gradients at all, but when we compared the readings with the dates, we saw new explanations. We increased the precision of the dates and marked the increase or decrease by degrees of angle. Downward movements (periods of cooling) were shown by a ‘minus’ sign – e.g. -20^o (as at 1860 and 1950), and upward movements (periods of heating) by a figure without the ‘minus’ sign – e.g. 3^o and 38^o (as at 1865 and 1915). Obviously, we are aware that the actual angle will depend on the format of the graph, but the relationship between the angles is still significant. We then started to add interpretations.

Our attention was immediately drawn to the remarkable upward spikes in the 1940s. To someone born in London in 1946, seeing gaps like missing teeth in the terraced streets from bombing in the ‘Blitz’, and reading sombre histories of 1000-plane raids using incendiary bombs on Hamburg and Dresden, which created week-long temperatures of about 800^oC, and the massive fire-bombing of Japan, the spikes in the period of the Second World War started to become clear (Figure 6)…

Add to this the testing of nuclear weapons and their use in war – no wonder there was a 62^o downturn at the end of the war! We now suggest that the enormous temperatures generated in the Second World War initiated the present problem of Global Warming.

Figure 6 Heating Effect of Hiroshima Bomb

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org

According to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum:  https://hpmmuseum.jp/modules/exhibition/index.php?action=ItemView&item_id=59&lang=eng

The nuclear bomb on Hiroshima created a temperature of 7,000^oC, at a height of 580 m. Its heat will have remained in the land, buildings and sea until it moved over a period to cooler locations by the normal processes of radiation, convection, conduction and condensation.

As at July 2022, there have been over 2,000 recorded nuclear explosions, as well as accidents at power plants. We have analysed the effects of these and other ‘extra-heating events’ and further causes of heating at or near ground/sea level since the 1920s. These are set out in the following Graph, with approximations of dates. In a roughly chronological order, we list these significant heat-generating developments:

1. Coal-based industry from about 1865. Obviously the engineering breakthroughs were made well before this date, but that is the year when we see the start of a 3^o upward temperature gradient, which lasts until 1915 (the First World War)… approx. 65 years.
2. After this we see an upward gradient of 38^o until about the mid-1930s, with what looks like a downward spike reflecting the Great Depression, and the temporary collapse of activity in the industrialised nations.
3. We see a further increase in heat-generating activity in the 1930s, with the growth of the mass-market for cars and lorries and the gradual increase in air-travel;
4. The Second World War, as well as causing massive heat-generation through bombing and explosives, involves unprecedented manufacture and use of vehicles, ships and aircraft powered by internal combustion engines. All stages of their construction and use create heat, together with the friction of machinery operating and tyres on road-surfaces – and of course, the beginning of the nuclear age;
5. The gradual development of electrical devices leads to increased heat within the atmosphere – from air-cooled electricity generation and the heat released by electrical equipment in use – and in the seas and oceans – from use of rivers and oceans for cooling power stations;
6. Refrigeration enabling storage and transport of foodstuffs uses electricity to reduce the higher temperature within the enclosed unit, and works by transferring the heat outside, to the atmosphere, as does air-conditioning of offices and buildings;
7. Nuclear power becomes more widespread. As at 2022 there are 439 nuclear power stations operating, and 62 under construction;
8. The use of rockets, whether military or scientific, leads to massive combustion and heat at ground level;
9. Anthropogenic deforestation removes longer-term evaporative cooling. Wild-fires remove this in the short-term, and add the heat of their combustion;
10. In 1963-73, 388,000 tons of Napalm incendiary material were used in the Vietnam War;
11. The growth of computers and the Internet increases the need for electricity generation. Computers create heat, which is vented to the atmosphere.

Of course, there are many other normal activities which release heat into the air, sea or earth. Endothermic and exothermic reactions in manufacturing and construction all ultimately release heat into the partially-closed envelope of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Between 1860 and 1915 the gradient for the overall temperature rise was about 3^o (Figure 7). This indicates that the amount of heat received from the Sun and the amount of heat which the Earth could was lose naturally were approximately in equilibrium, with just a small heat-increment. How to reduce the modern rate of heat-increase of 53^o or more is the present challenge.

 

Figure 7. Global average temperature change associated to the main anthropogenic impacts

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org

How to reduce the modern rate of heat-increase

The brown line in the graph above starts to curve downwards again after the Cop27 Conference in Egypt, when Global Cooling Technology is introduced. Here is how it will be done. The technology is based on two constant physical principles:

1. Heat moves from a warmer environment to a cooler one unless prevented by insulation;
2. The air cools by approximately 0.5 – 1^oCfor every 100 metres of increased altitude.

Temperature changes at altitude have been measured since the 1930s by Radiosonde balloons, at an increasing range of locations and frequency. Changes of pressure and other atmospheric data have been added to the records. A useful site to research weather data (past and present) is: http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html. (An obvious demonstration of this is that snow and ice tend to form on the upper surfaces of mountains. What is called the Lapse Rate is routinely used by glider pilots:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate

The graph ‘Differential Temperature vs Height’ demonstrates that the pattern of heat reduction with increased altitude is worldwide, with readings from both Hemispheres and the Equator (Figure 8). Counter-intuitively, the readings go upwards with falling temperatures – apologies for that…

At altitudes of c. 800m there was a temperature reduction of 5-10^oC except in the case of Melbourne, Australia, where the air at 800m was warmer by 2^oC. (This may have been a freak reading caused by thermals). Over 1500m there is an absolutely clear pattern of temperature reduction.

Figure 8 Differential Temperature vs Height

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org

At present there is widespread distress due to Global Warming (or the Climate Catastrophe, as it is sometimes called). As well as terrible fires and flooding, it is leading to despair and mental illness, particularly in young people.

We suggest that the origin of high-speed Global Warming is the old destroyer of human happiness, civilisations and cultures – namely WAR. It is terrible that this continues in the 21^st Century. However, there is still a constant generation of heat – especially in power stations, to provide electricity, which we really need! – and there is still no technology to dispose of it.

Since the bombing raids of the 1940s it has been as if we were all sitting in a bath, and nobody has noticed that the hot tap is constantly running. Excess water is leaving through the overflow, but the temperature is rising faster all the time as new heat is being generated through combustion and friction of all sorts – in physics (in very general terms), work equals, or creates, heat. Our culture is based on the work of human beings and machines, and it would be very harmful to us all to try to deny this.

There is no need to blame individuals, governments or companies. Industrialisation has saved us from the need for physical slavery and the insecurity of subsistence farming – all we have to do is be alert to what is happening… and install and employ suitable technology.

A clearer definition of our aims than ‘returning to pre-industrial levels’ would also be useful. If we make the world much colder, we shall have to heat it again. Looking at the NASA/GISS Graph as adapted, the Global Temperature of 1960-75 looks like a good temperature to aim for.

The following technologies have been developed to resolve this problem:

1. The Armadillo™ and Fontana™ structures – for cooling the air and returning moisture cooled by evaporation to places where it can be used beneficially in agriculture – with the benefit of delivering water underground, avoiding the dangers of standing water – and for other purposes of irrigation – e.g. in forests liable to wild-fires.

2. The OceanCoolingSystem™ – for cooling water in oceans, seas and lakes, and returning it with extra aeration if desirable.

Irrigation – technological improvements to improve agricultural resilience despite Anthropogenic Global Warming – 5^thOctober 2022

The availability of good-quality fresh water has always been an essential factor in the understanding and planning of all agriculture and animal-husbandry. In the past farmers have relied on regular rainfall, meltwater from mountains, well-positioned stones to promote condensation, qanats and wells. Rain has the advantage that, because it is a product of evaporation, it does not contain salt or other contaminants.

However, the combination of Global Warming, damming and water-extraction has led to many previously well-watered areas becoming dry, which is a disaster for the inhabitants.

What is now proposed is the use of Armadillo™ and Fontana™ Air-and-Land Cooling structures. These use the moisture-content of the air (Earth’s atmosphere contains about 13,000 cubic kilometres of water) which they raise in well-insulated pipework to a height where the temperature is cold enough to cause the moisture in the air to condense. It is then carried down in pipes into underground irrigation systems, which can be directed – still underground – to fields, orchards or pastures.

In calculating the height needed the designers should note that the atmosphere loses on average about 1 degree Celsius (the ‘lapse rate’ – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapse_rate) and 0.02 hpA of pressure for every 100 metres of height increase. Within the structures the moisture-content in the air is condensed by contact with metallic plates which are chilled by conduction in air at high level.

Advantages over rainwater are:

1. Rainwater frequently does not penetrate the dry upper surface of the soil, and evaporates before it can significantly moisten the soil beneath it;
2. Rainwater runs downhill, leaving slopes dry, and causing flooding below;
3. Rainwater sometimes collects in stagnant pools, which are favourable to vectors of disease, such as sand-flies, mosquitos etc.;
4. Rainwater can be blocked by mountains, causing ‘Rain-Shadows’, where no rain falls;
5. If the amount of water collected is not what is required, the structure can be modified (raised to collect more, shortened for less, or fitted with more drains to irrigate additional areas).

The structures are designed to be produced comparatively inexpensively in kit form.

The designs were originally intended for a patent-application, but they are now available freely to everyone.

The Armadillo™ is has no fan and requires no attention other than periodic maintenance. The Fontana™ has a fan. Both can be powered by Photovoltaic power.

 

Figure 9. The drawing of the Armadillo™.

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org : Available on https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:23fde29e-2daf-3fe0-b910-2979970efc7d

Figure 10. The drawing of the Fontana™.

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org. Available on https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:0f8bb91f-bebd-33b4-990b-8824617b1585

Figure 11. The drawing of the underground irrigation system used by both structures

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org. Available on https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:e13d472d-9ba0-3ef8-adf3-85dd80fcf5b5

Figure 12. The drawing of a Fontana™ with an entrance to the underground irrigation system used by both structures

Source: GlobalCoolingandIrrigationSystem.org. Available on https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:43c6d7ba-139a-305b-ab4b-d7b07f179370

CONCLUSION

With regard to the origin of Global Warming, it should be noted that many aspects of the view that increased heat in theatmosphere is caused by increased carbon seem self-contradictory. First, from the point of view of   chemistry and physics, CO2 is not a cause of heat, but a result of combustion, and thus a result of the process of the creation of heat. Moreover, the low-carbon strategies suggested to control the increase of heat seem slow, difficult to measure and control, and so far, ineffective. In industry, it is axiomatic that good technologies have measurable results, and always work in the same way if conditions are as foreseen.

 

REFERENCES

Beenstock, M., Reingewertz, Y., & Paldor, N. (2012). Polynomial cointegration tests of anthropogenic impact on global warming. Earth System Dynamics, 3(2), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-173-2012

Cassia, R., Nocioni, M., Correa-Aragunde, N., & Lamattina, L. (2018). Climate change and the impact of greenhouse gasses: CO2 and NO, friends and foes of plant oxidative stress. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 273. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00273

Estrada F, Perron P, Martínez-López B (2013) Statistically derived contributions of diverse human influences to twentieth-century temperature changes. Nat Geosci 6(12):1050–1055

Inglezakis, V. J. (2016). Extraterrestrial environment. In Environment and Development (pp. 453-498). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62733-9.00007-1

IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change eds Edenhofer O. R., Pichs-Madruga Y., Sokona E., Farahani S., Kadner K., Seyboth A., et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jian-Bin, H., Shao-Wu, W., Yong, L., Zong-Ci, Z., & Xin-Yu, W. (2012). Debates on the causes of global warming. Advances in climate change research, 3(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1248.2012.00038

Le Treut H., Somerville R., Cubasch U., Ding Y., Mauritzen C., Mokssit A., et al. (2007). “Historical overview of climate change science,” in Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change eds Solomon S., Qin D., Manning M., Chen Z., Marquis M., Averyt K. B., et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; ).

Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D. C., Adams, H., Adler, C., Aldunce, P., Ali, E., … & Birkmann, J. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

Reichle, D. (2019). The global carbon cycle and climate change. Elsevier, 1, 388.

Sebastian Cruft, M.A. Oxon., England, https://globalcoolingandirrigationsystem.org/

 

Key definitions

Heat is caused by combustion, and amplified by greenhouse gases. Heat which is generated at a low level – e.g. by power stations, rocket launches etc. – cannot immediately disperse into space, but moves to cooler media at the speed dictated by the physics of the surrounding environment.

Heat is a form of energy which only moves from an energised state (i.e. ‘hot’) to a less-energised state (i.e. ‘cold’). As the upper air is colder (less-energised) than the lower air, heat cannot normally come downwards. The Earth can only lose heat at a certain rate without HUMAN technological assistance. New inventions exist which cool the world by moving heat upwards (in the air) to a level from which it cannot return and harm people or other living things on the ground. We can stop flooding and drought! We can cool the World and feed the World!